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The migration history of Miao ethnic group in China
Who are the Miao?
The Miao are an ethnic group, most of which dwell in the mountainous areas of southwestern China, and some in southeast Asia. Over the past several thousand years, they have migrated numerous times throughout China, and these journeys are reflected in their unique handmade embroidery, silver jewelry, and batik artwork. There were lots of reasons for their migration, but wars were always the cause.
The first big migration
Over 5,000 years ago, the Miao resided in the Yellow River and Yangtze River areas of central China. Chi You, a brave soldier, was their headman. It's said that he had a pair of horns sticking out from his copper head, and his forehead was as stout as iron. Chi You created the first Chinese law, a criminal law in his clan.
Chi You directed the Miao to defeat many tribes. They were excellent at manufacturing various kinds of swords, spears, arrows, and bows.
However in a severe war against another big tribe, Chi you and his people were crushed. He was slain, and his body and head were buried in two sites which are far away from each other. Legend has it that the first maple tree grew out of his blood.
Chi You was dead, however his soul and story even touched the heart of his opponents, who drew his picture on their flags to inspire their soldiers.Then the Chinese emperors recognized him as the god of war.
Today the Miao commemorate Chi You by wearing a silver headdress decorated with silver horns. As a totem, a maple tree in Miao culture has a special meaning.
Following Chi You's death, some Miao people were apprehended and then blended into Han, the biggest nationality in China. But most Miao people had to give up their homeland and move to the south of China.
Continued movement
Throughout most of Chinese history, the Han nationality has been the most powerful and has generally dominated the whole country. As an ethnic group, the Miao were consistently tortured by the arbitrary local rulers. Because of numerous wars and years of persecution, the Miao were forced to constantly move throughout China.
About 2,000 years ago, the Miao settled in the mountainous areas of south and southwestern China, where most Miao people live today.
Then just over 700 years ago, some Miao people moved to the countries of southeast Asia, like Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. After the Vietnam War was finished in the 1970's, some Miao people became homeless and had to run to America, Europe and Australia. Today it is estimated that about 280,000 Miao people reside in western countries.
Today
Despite widespread migration, the Miao have kept their unique culture and tradition alive to this day.
As the Miao don't have a written language, the art of embroidery is their unique way to remember their history. If you carefully examine their embroidery, you will find that each and every embroidered pattern has a meaning, which is closely related to their history, religion, and culture.
C. Liu has been studying interesting Miao culture for a few years. She sometimes supports the work of some Miao silversmiths. Go to her website to learn more about Miao culture and see fine Miao silver jewelry here.
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